Adsorption, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies of cacao husk extracts in waterless sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric

Natural dyes exhibit a low dye uptake when cellulosic fiber dyeing is carried out using conventional water bath process. In this research, cotton fabric was exhaust dyed in microemulsion dyebath containing cacao husk extracts and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) to achieve higher exhaustion percentage on fiber, which an environmentally beneficial The adsorption behavior of extract D5 system investigated under conditions varied mass (1–8% o.w.f), time (5–500 min), temperatures (333–373 K). Kinetic modelling dye/D5 studied by fitting experimental data pseudo first-order second-order kinetics, the intraparticle diffusion model. Early results indicated that kinetic model followed Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were employed analyze isotherms, showed process fit well with Langmuir compared Freundlich isotherm. mean energy from implied onto accompanied physical values standard enthalpy (ΔH° > 0), entropy (ΔS° Gibbs free (ΔG° < 0) strongly reflected thermodynamically favourable feasible. Thus, waterless natural explores sustainable technology percentage.